4 de abril de 2023 Comunicado de prensa Ginebra, Suiza
Según indica un nuevo informe publicado hoy por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), muchas personas padecen esterilidad en algún momento de su vida. Cerca del 17,5% de los adultos (es decir, alrededor de uno de cada seis) presentan este problema, por lo que resulta urgente aumentar el acceso a una atención de la esterilidad asequible y de calidad para quienes la necesitan.
De acuerdo con las nuevas estimaciones, la prevalencia de la esterilidad varía poco de una región a otra y las tasas son similares en los países de ingresos altos, medianos y bajos, lo cual demuestra que se trata de un importante problema de salud pública en todos los países y todas las partes del mundo.
El Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director General de la OMS, ha señalado: «El informe revela una verdad incontestable: la esterilidad no hace distinciones. La enorme proporción de afectados evidencia la necesidad de ampliar el acceso a los tratamientos y de incluir la esterilidad en las políticas y los estudios sobre salud, de modo que las personas que lo deseen dispongan de vías seguras, eficaces y asequibles para tener hijos».
La esterilidad es un trastorno del aparato reproductor (masculino o femenino) consistente en la incapacidad para lograr el embarazo tras 12 meses o más de relaciones sexuales regulares sin protección. Puede causar mucha angustia, estigmatización y dificultades económicas y afectar al bienestar mental y psicosocial de las personas.
A pesar de su magnitud de este problema, las soluciones disponibles para prevenirlo, diagnosticarlo y tratarlo (como las técnicas de reproducción asistida, entre ellas la fecundación in vitro) continúan sin recibir suficiente financiación y resultan poco accesibles para muchas personas debido a su elevado costo, el estigma social y su escasa disponibilidad.
En la mayoría de los países, son los propios afectados quienes, en gran medida, pagan estos tratamientos, que suelen ser muy costosos. Los habitantes de los países más pobres gastan una proporción relativa de sus ingresos en terapias contra la esterilidad superior a la de los países más ricos. A menudo, estos gastos exorbitantes impiden que las personas se sometan a dichos tratamientos o las empujan a la pobreza.
La Dra. Pascale Allotey, Directora del Departamento de Salud Sexual y Reproductiva e Investigaciones Conexas de la OMS (del que depende el Programa Especial de Investigaciones, Desarrollo y Formación de Investigadores sobre Reproducción Humana de las Naciones Unidas), ha dicho: «Millones de personas afrontan gastos catastróficos para tratar su esterilidad, lo que hace de esta cuestión un importante problema de equidad y, con demasiada frecuencia, una trampa que empuja a la pobreza. La mejora de las políticas y la financiación públicas facilitaría considerablemente el acceso a los tratamientos y puede proteger a los hogares más desfavorecidos para que no caigan en la pobreza».
Aunque el nuevo informe aporta pruebas concluyentes de la elevada prevalencia mundial de la esterilidad, pone también de relieve la persistente falta de datos en muchos países y en algunas regiones. En el documento se pide a los países que proporcionen más datos sobre la esterilidad, desglosados por edad y por causa, para ayudar a cuantificar el problema, determinar quién necesita atención y saber cómo se pueden reducir los riesgos.
Acerca del informe
El informe presentado hoy aporta datos sobre la prevalencia mundial y regional de la esterilidad mediante el análisis de todos los estudios pertinentes efectuados entre 1990 y 2021 y teniendo en cuenta los diversos los métodos de estimación utilizados.
En la búsqueda realizada se encontraron 12 241 registros de estudios de todo el mundo que podían ser incluidos en el análisis. Finalmente, se seleccionaron 133 estudios de los que se obtuvieron datos pertinentes para calcular estimaciones conjuntas de la prevalencia de la esterilidad a lo largo de la vida y durante períodos determinados.
Nuevo estudio sobre los costos de los tratamientos
Además, en un nuevo estudio financiado por el Programa Especial de Investigaciones, Desarrollo y Formación de Investigadores sobre Reproducción Humana, con el apoyo de la OMS, y publicado en la revista Human Reproduction Open se analizan los costos asociados a los tratamientos contra la esterilidad en países de ingresos medianos y bajos.
Este estudio se puede consultar en la página: https://academic.oup.com/hropen/article/2023/2/hoad007/7066921 (en inglés).
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